Mac 101: Learn the Power of rsync for Backup, Remote, Archive Systems Tuesday, July 10th, 2018 Author: Tom Nelson. You may not have heard of rsync; it’s a file transfer and synchronization program that’s often used to create elaborate and complex backup systems. Rsync is widely used for backups and mirroring and as an improved copy command for everyday use. Rsync finds files that need to be transferred using a 'quick check' algorithm (by default) that looks for files that have changed in size or in last-modified time.
Rsync (Remote Sync) is a most commonly used command for copying and synchronizing files and directories remotely as well as locally in Linux/Unix systems. With the help of rsync command you can copy and synchronize your data remotely and locally across directories, across disks and networks, perform data backups and mirroring between two Linux machines.
This article explains 10 basic and advanced usage of the rsync command to transfer your files remotely and locally in Linux based machines. You don’t need to be root user to run rsync command.
Some advantages and features of Rsync command
- It efficiently copies and sync files to or from a remote system.
- Supports copying links, devices, owners, groups and permissions.
- It’s faster than scp (Secure Copy) because rsync uses remote-update protocol which allows to transfer just the differences between two sets of files. First time, it copies the whole content of a file or a directory from source to destination but from next time, it copies only the changed blocks and bytes to the destination.
- Rsync consumes less bandwidth as it uses compression and decompression method while sending and receiving data both ends.
Basic syntax of rsync command
Some common options used with rsync commands
- -v : verbose
- -r : copies data recursively (but don’t preserve timestamps and permission while transferring data
- -a : archive mode, archive mode allows copying files recursively and it also preserves symbolic links, file permissions, user & group ownerships and timestamps
- -z : compress file data
- -h : human-readable, output numbers in a human-readable format
Suggested Read:How to Sync Files/Directories Using Rsync with Non-standard SSH Port
Install rsync in your Linux machine
We can install rsync package with the help of following command.
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1. Copy/Sync Files and Directory Locally
Copy/Sync a File on a Local Computer
This following command will sync a single file on a local machine from one location to another location. Here in this example, a file name backup.tar needs to be copied or synced to /tmp/backups/ folder.
In above example, you can see that if the destination is not already exists rsync will create a directory automatically for destination.
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Rsync Os X
Copy/Sync a Directory on Local Computer
The following command will transfer or sync all the files of from one directory to a different directory in the same machine. Here in this example, /root/rpmpkgs contains some rpm package files and you want that directory to be copied inside /tmp/backups/ folder.
2. Copy/Sync Files and Directory to or From a Server
Copy a Directory from Local Server to a Remote Server
This command will sync a directory from a local machine to a remote machine. For example: There is a folder in your local computer “rpmpkgs” which contains some RPM packages and you want that local directory’s content send to a remote server, you can use following command.
Copy/Sync a Remote Directory to a Local Machine
This command will help you sync a remote directory to a local directory. Here in this example, a directory /home/tarunika/rpmpkgs which is on a remote server is being copied in your local computer in /tmp/myrpms.
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3. Rsync Over SSH
With rsync, we can use SSH (Secure Shell) for data transfer, using SSH protocol while transferring our data you can be ensured that your data is being transferred in a secured connection with encryption so that nobody can read your data while it is being transferred over the wire on the internet.
Also when we use rsync we need to provide the user/root password to accomplish that particular task, so using SSH option will send your logins in an encrypted manner so that your password will be safe.
Copy a File from a Remote Server to a Local Server with SSH
To specify a protocol with rsync you need to give “-e” option with protocol name you want to use. Here in this example, We will be using “ssh” with “-e” option and perform data transfer.
Copy a File from a Local Server to a Remote Server with SSH
Suggested Read:Use Rsync to Sync New or Changed/Modified Files in Linux
4. Show Progress While Transferring Data with rsync
To show the progress while transferring the data from one machine to a different machine, we can use ‘–progress’ option for it. It displays the files and the time remaining to complete the transfer.
5. Use of –include and –exclude Options
These two options allows us to include and exclude files by specifying parameters with these option helps us to specify those files or directories which you want to include in your sync and exclude files and folders with you don’t want to be transferred.
Here in this example, rsync command will include those files and directory only which starts with ‘R’ and exclude all other files and directory.
6. Use of –delete Option
Rsyncx
If a file or directory not exist at the source, but already exists at the destination, you might want to delete that existing file/directory at the target while syncing .
We can use ‘–delete‘ option to delete files that are not there in source directory.
Source and target are in sync. Now creating new file test.txt at the target.
Target has the new file called test.txt, when synchronize with the source with ‘–delete‘ option, it removed the file test.txt.
7. Set the Max Size of Files to be Transferred
You can specify the Max file size to be transferred or sync. You can do it with “–max-size” option. Here in this example, Max file size is 200k, so this command will transfer only those files which are equal or smaller than 200k.
Rsync Mac Manual Download
8. Automatically Delete source Files after successful Transfer
Now, suppose you have a main web server and a data backup server, you created a daily backup and synced it with your backup server, now you don’t want to keep that local copy of backup in your web server.
So, will you wait for transfer to complete and then delete those local backup file manually? Of Course NO. This automatic deletion can be done using ‘–remove-source-files‘ option.
9. Do a Dry Run with rsync
If you are a newbie and using rsync and don’t know what exactly your command going do. Rsync could really mess up the things in your destination folder and then doing an undo can be a tedious job.
Suggested Read:How to Sync Two Apache Web Servers/Websites Using Rsync
Use of this option will not make any changes only do a dry run of the command and shows the output of the command, if the output shows exactly same you want to do then you can remove ‘–dry-run‘ option from your command and run on the terminal.
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10. Set Bandwidth Limit and Transfer File
You can set the bandwidth limit while transferring data from one machine to another machine with the the help of ‘–bwlimit‘ option. This options helps us to limit I/O bandwidth.
Also, by default rsync syncs changed blocks and bytes only, if you want explicitly want to sync whole file then you use ‘-W‘ option with it.
That’s all with rsync now, you can see man pages for more options. Stay connected with Tecmint for more exciting and interesting tutorials in future. Do leave your comments and suggestions.
Ha Ha Ha! You got me! Not labeling the entry fields for Source and Destination led me to get them backwards. Didn't realize until I looked at net traffic in the System Monitor and saw the flow was INWARD at 100 Mbit/s. Confirmed that the files on the server weren't updating. when I rebooted I got ERROR: No room on device. So I spent too much time re-installing the Linux OS, updating, restoring apps, etc., etc., etc. I hope you enjoy the joke more than I do. The GUI is much less complex than the command line. But one thing bothers me in setting up the transfer points. The heading 'Source and Destination' only implies that source is the top field and destination is below--they are not explicitly labeled. When I saw my client RECEIVING data at 100 Mbit/s I panicked for a bit at the possibility that I had reversed the two. A better label would help. Also would like to see something in the documentation about how much reverse traffic to expect.
Does what you need it to in the way it's needed.
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Works great for me!